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Network Working Group J. Sermersheim Internet-Draft Novell, Inc Intended status: Standards Track L. Poitou Expires: 19 August 2022 Sun Microsystems H. Chu, Ed. O. Kuzník, Ed. Symas Corp. February 2022 Password Policy for LDAP Directories draft-behera-ldap-password-policy-11 Abstract Password policy as described in this document is a set of rules that controls how passwords are used and administered in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) based directories. In order to improve the security of LDAP directories and make it difficult for password cracking programs to break into directories, it is desirable to enforce a set of rules on password usage. These rules are made to ensure that users change their passwords periodically, passwords meet construction requirements, the re-use of old password is restricted, and to deter password guessing attacks. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 5 August 2022. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Application of Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Articles of Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Password Usage Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. Password Modification Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.3. Restriction of the Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Schema used for Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. The pwdPolicy Object Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2. Attribute Types used in the pwdPolicy ObjectClass . . . . 9 5.3. Attribute Types for Password Policy State Information . . 16 6. Controls used for Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.1. Request Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.2. Response Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7. Policy Decision Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.1. Locked Account Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.2. Password Must be Changed Now Check . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.3. Password Expiration Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.4. Remaining Grace AuthN Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.5. Time Before Expiration Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.6. Intruder Lockout Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.7. Intruder Delay Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.8. Password Too Young Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8. Server Policy Enforcement Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8.1. Password-based Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8.2. Password Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8.3. Other Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9. Client Policy Enforcement Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9.1. Bind Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9.2. Modify Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9.3. Add Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 9.4. Compare Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 9.5. Other Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 10. Administration of the Password Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 11. Password Policy and Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 13.1. Object Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 13.2. LDAP Protocol Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 13.3. LDAP Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 13.4. LDAP AttributeDescription Options . . . . . . . . . . . 39 14. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 15. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1. Overview LDAP-based directory services are currently accepted by many organizations as the access protocol for directories. The ability to ensure the secure read and update access to directory information throughout the network is essential to the successful deployment. Most LDAP implementations support many authentication schemes - the most basic and widely used is the simple authentication i.e., user DN and password. In this case, many LDAP servers have implemented some kind of policy related to the password used to authenticate. Among other things, this policy includes: * Whether and when passwords expire. * Whether failed bind attempts cause the account to be locked. * If and how users are able to change their passwords. In order to achieve greater security protection and ensure interoperability in a heterogeneous environment, LDAP needs to standardize on a common password policy model. This is critical to the successful deployment of LDAP directories. 2. Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. All ASN.1 [X.680] Basic Encoding Rules (BER) [X.690] encodings follow the conventions found in Section 5.1 of [RFC4511]. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 The term "password administrator" refers to a user that has sufficient access control privileges to modify users' passwords. The term "password policy administrator" refers to a user that has sufficient access control privileges to modify the pwdPolicy object defined in this document. The access control that is used to determine whether an identity is a password administrator or password policy administrator is beyond the scope of this document, but typically implies that the password administrator has 'write' privileges to the password attribute. 3. Application of Password Policy The password policy defined in this document can be applied to any attribute holding a user's password used for an authenticated LDAP bind operation. In this document, the term "user" represents any LDAP client application that has an identity in the directory. This policy is typically applied to the userPassword attribute in the case of the LDAP simple authentication method [RFC4511] or the case of password based SASL [RFC4422] authentication such as PLAIN [RFC4616] and SCRAM-SHA-256 [RFC7677]. The policy described in this document assumes that the password attribute holds a single value. No considerations are made for directories or systems that allow a user to maintain multi-valued password attributes. Server implementations MAY institute internal policy whereby certain identities (such as directory administrators) are not forced to comply with any of password policy. In this case, the password for a directory administrator never expires; the account is never locked, etc. 4. Articles of Password Policy The following sections explain in general terms each aspect of the password policy defined in this document as well as the need for each. These policies are subdivided into the general groups of password usage and password modification. Implementation details are presented in Section 8 and Section 9. 4.1. Password Usage Policy This section describes policy enforced when a password is used to authenticate. The general focus of this policy is to minimize the threat of intruders once a password is in use. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 4.1.1. Password Validity Policy These mechanisms allow account usage to be controlled independent of any password expiration policies. The policy defines the absolute period of time for which an account may be used. This allows an administrator to define an absolute starting time after which a password becomes valid, and an absolute ending time after which the password is disabled. A mechanism is also provided to define the period of time for which an account may remain unused before being disabled. 4.1.2. Password Guessing Limit In order to prevent intruders from guessing a user's password, a mechanism exists to track the number of consecutive failed authentication attempts, and take action when a limit is reached. This policy consists of several parts: * A counter to track the number of failed authentication attempts. * The amount of time to delay on the first authentication failure. * The maximum amount of time to delay on subsequent failures. * A timeframe in which the limit of consecutive failed authentication attempts must happen before action is taken. * A configurable limit on failed authentication attempts. * The action to be taken when the limit is reached. The action will either be nothing, or the account will be locked. * An amount of time the account is locked (if it is to be locked). This can be indefinite. Note that using the account lock feature provides an easy avenue for Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on user accounts. While some sites' policies require accounts to be locked, this feature is discouraged in favor of delaying each failed login attempt. The delay time will be doubled on each subsequent failure, until it reaches the maximum time configured. [TBD: we could also provide a syntax for configuring a backoff algorithm. E.g. "+<int>" for linearly incrementing delay, "x<int>" for constant multiplier, "^<int> for geometric. But it's probably overkill to add a calculator language to the server.] Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 4.2. Password Modification Policy This section describes policy enforced while users are modifying passwords. The general focus of this policy is to ensure that when users add or change their passwords, the security and effectiveness of their passwords is maximized. In this document, the term "modify password operation" refers to any operation that is used to add or modify a password attribute. Often this is done by updating the password attribute during an add or modify operation, but MAY be done by other means such as an extended operation. 4.2.1. Password Expiration, Expiration Warning, and Grace Authentications One of the key properties of a password is the fact that it is not well known. If a password is frequently changed, the chances of that user's account being broken into are minimized. Password policy administrators may deploy a password policy that causes passwords to expire after a given amount of time - thus forcing users to change their passwords periodically. As a side effect, there needs to be a way in which users are made aware of this need to change their password before actually being locked out of their accounts. One or both of the following methods handle this: * A warning may be returned to the user sometime before his password is due to expire. If the user fails to heed this warning before the expiration time, his account will be locked. * The user may bind to the directory a preset number of times after her password has expired. If she fails to change her password during one of her 'grace' authentications, her account will be locked. 4.2.2. Password History When the Password Expiration policy is used, an additional mechanism may be employed to prevent users from simply re-using a previous password (as this would effectively circumvent the expiration policy). In order to do this; a history of used passwords is kept. The password policy administrator sets the number of passwords to be stored at any given time. Passwords are stored in this history whenever the password is changed. Users aren't allowed to specify any passwords that are in the history list while changing passwords. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 4.2.3. Password Minimum Age Users may circumvent the Password History mechanism by quickly performing a series of password changes. If they change their password enough times, their 'favorite' password will be pushed out of the history list. This process may be made less attractive to users by employing a minimum age for passwords. If users are forced to wait 24 hours between password changes, they may be less likely to cycle through a history of 10 passwords. 4.2.4. Password Quality and length constraints In order to prevent users from creating or updating passwords that are easy to guess, a password quality policy may be employed. This policy consists of two general mechanisms - ensuring that passwords conform to a defined quality criterion and ensuring that they are of a minimum length. Forcing a password to comply with the quality policy may imply a variety of things including: * Disallowing trivial or well-known words make up the password. * Forcing a certain number of digits be used. * Disallowing anagrams of the user's name. The implementation of this policy meets with the following problems: * If the password to be added or updated is encrypted by the client before being sent, the server has no way of enforcing this policy. Therefore, the onus of enforcing this policy falls upon client implementations. * There are no specific definitions of what 'quality checking' means. This can lead to unexpected behavior in a heterogeneous environment. 4.2.5. User Defined Passwords In some cases, it is desirable to disallow users from adding and updating their own passwords. This policy makes this functionality possible. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 4.2.6. Password Change after Reset This policy forces the user to update her password after it has been set for the first time, or has been reset by a password administrator. This is needed in scenarios where a password administrator has set or reset the password to a well-known value. 4.2.7. Safe Modification As directories become more commonly used, it will not be unusual for clients to connect to a directory and leave the connection open for an extended period. This opens up the possibility for an intruder to make modifications to a user's password while that user's computer is connected but unattended. This policy forces the user to prove his identity by specifying the old password during a password modify operation. {TODO: This allows a dictionary attack unless we specify that this is also subject to intruder detection. One solution is to require users to authN prior to changing password. Another solution is to perform intruder detection checks when the password for a non-authenticated identity is being updated} 4.3. Restriction of the Password Policy The password policy defined in this document can apply to any attribute containing a password. Password policy state information is held in the user's entry, and applies to a password attribute, not a particular password attribute value. Thus the server SHOULD enforce that the password attribute subject to password policy, contains one and only one password value. 5. Schema used for Password Policy The schema elements defined here fall into two general categories. A password policy object class is defined which contains a set of administrative password policy attributes, and a set of operational attributes are defined that hold general password policy state information for each user. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.1. The pwdPolicy Object Class This object class contains the attributes defining a password policy in effect for a set of users. Section 10 describes the administration of this object, and the relationship between it and particular objects. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.2.1 NAME 'pwdPolicy' SUP top AUXILIARY MUST ( pwdAttribute ) MAY ( pwdMinAge $ pwdMaxAge $ pwdInHistory $ pwdCheckQuality $ pwdMinLength $ pwdMaxLength $ pwdExpireWarning $ pwdGraceAuthNLimit $ pwdGraceExpiry $ pwdLockout $ pwdLockoutDuration $ pwdMaxFailure $ pwdFailureCountInterval $ pwdMustChange $ pwdAllowUserChange $ pwdSafeModify $ pwdMinDelay $ pwdMaxDelay $ pwdMaxIdle ) ) 5.2. Attribute Types used in the pwdPolicy ObjectClass Following are the attribute types used by the pwdPolicy object class. 5.2.1. pwdAttribute This holds the name of the attribute to which the password policy is applied. For example, the password policy may be applied to the userPassword attribute. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.1 NAME 'pwdAttribute' EQUALITY objectIdentifierMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.38 ) 5.2.2. pwdMinAge This attribute holds the number of seconds that must elapse between modifications to the password. If this attribute is not present, 0 seconds is assumed. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.2 NAME 'pwdMinAge' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.2.3. pwdMaxAge This attribute holds the number of seconds after which a modified password will expire. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is 0 the password does not expire. If not 0, the value must be greater than or equal to the value of the pwdMinAge. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.3 NAME 'pwdMaxAge' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.4. pwdInHistory This attribute specifies the maximum number of used passwords stored in the pwdHistory attribute. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is 0, used passwords are not stored in the pwdHistory attribute and thus may be reused. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.4 NAME 'pwdInHistory' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.5. pwdCheckQuality {TODO: Consider changing the syntax to OID. Each OID will list a quality rule (like min len, # of special characters, etc). These rules can be specified outside this document.} {TODO: Note that even though this is meant to be a check that happens during password modification, it may also be allowed to happen during authN. This is useful for situations where the password is encrypted when modified, but decrypted when used to authN.} This attribute indicates how the password quality will be verified while being modified or added. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is '0', quality checking will not be enforced. A value of '1' indicates that the server will check the quality, and if the server is unable to check it (due to a hashed password or other Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 reasons) it will be accepted. A value of '2' indicates that the server will check the quality, and if the server is unable to verify it, it will return an error refusing the password. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.5 NAME 'pwdCheckQuality' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.6. pwdMinLength When quality checking is enabled, this attribute holds the minimum number of characters that must be used in a password. If this attribute is not present, no minimum password length will be enforced. If the server is unable to check the length (due to a hashed password or otherwise), the server will, depending on the value of the pwdCheckQuality attribute, either accept the password without checking it ('0' or '1') or refuse it ('2'). ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.6 NAME 'pwdMinLength' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.7. pwdMaxLength When quality checking is enabled, this attribute holds the maximum number of characters that may be used in a password. If this attribute is not present, no maximum password length will be enforced. If the server is unable to check the length (due to a hashed password or otherwise), the server will, depending on the value of the pwdCheckQuality attribute, either accept the password without checking it ('0' or '1') or refuse it ('2'). ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.31 NAME 'pwdMaxLength' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.2.8. pwdExpireWarning This attribute specifies the maximum number of seconds before a password is due to expire that expiration warning messages will be returned to an authenticating user. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is 0 no warnings will be returned. If not 0, the value must be smaller than the value of the pwdMaxAge attribute. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.7 NAME 'pwdExpireWarning' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.9. pwdGraceAuthNLimit This attribute specifies the number of times an expired password can be used to authenticate. If this attribute is not present or if the value is 0, authentication will fail. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.8 NAME 'pwdGraceAuthNLimit' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.10. pwdGraceExpiry This attribute specifies the number of seconds the grace authentications are valid. If this attribute is not present or if the value is 0, there is no time limit on the grace authentications. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.30 NAME 'pwdGraceExpire' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.2.11. pwdLockout This attribute indicates, when its value is "TRUE", that the password may not be used to authenticate after a specified number of consecutive failed bind attempts. The maximum number of consecutive failed bind attempts is specified in pwdMaxFailure. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is "FALSE", the password may be used to authenticate when the number of failed bind attempts has been reached. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.9 NAME 'pwdLockout' EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.12. pwdLockoutDuration This attribute holds the number of seconds that the password cannot be used to authenticate due to too many failed bind attempts. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is 0 the password cannot be used to authenticate until reset by a password administrator. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.10 NAME 'pwdLockoutDuration' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.13. pwdMaxFailure This attribute specifies the number of consecutive failed bind attempts after which the password may not be used to authenticate. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is 0, this policy is not checked, and the value of pwdLockout will be ignored. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.11 NAME 'pwdMaxFailure' EQUALITY integerMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SINGLE-VALUE ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.2.14. pwdFailureCountInterval This attribute holds the number of seconds after which the password failures are purged from the failure counter, even though no successful authentication occurred. If this attribute is not present, or if its value is 0, the failure counter is only reset by a successful authentication. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.12 NAME 'pwdFailureCountInterval' EQUALITY integerMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.15. pwdMustChange This attribute specifies with a value of "TRUE" that users must change their passwords when they first bind to the directory after a password is set or reset by a password administrator. If this attribute is not present, or if the value is "FALSE", users are not required to change their password upon binding after the password administrator sets or resets the password. This attribute is not set due to any actions specified by this document, it is typically set by a password administrator after resetting a user's password. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.13 NAME 'pwdMustChange' EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.16. pwdAllowUserChange This attribute indicates whether users can change their own passwords, although the change operation is still subject to access control. If this attribute is not present, a value of "TRUE" is assumed. This attribute is intended to be used in the absence of an access control mechanism. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.14 NAME 'pwdAllowUserChange' EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.2.17. pwdSafeModify This attribute specifies whether or not the existing password must be sent along with the new password when being changed. If this attribute is not present, a "FALSE" value is assumed. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.15 NAME 'pwdSafeModify' EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.18. pwdMinDelay This attribute specifies the number of seconds to delay responding to the first failed authentication attempt. If this attribute is not set or is 0, no delays will be used. pwdMaxDelay must also be specified if pwdMinDelay is set. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.24 NAME 'pwdMinDelay' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.19. pwdMaxDelay This attribute specifies the maximum number of seconds to delay when responding to a failed authentication attempt. The time specified in pwdMinDelay is used as the starting time and is then doubled on each failure until the delay time is greater than or equal to pwdMaxDelay (or a successful authentication occurs, which resets the failure counter). pwdMinDelay must be specified if pwdMaxDelay is set. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.25 NAME 'pwdMaxDelay' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.20. pwdMaxIdle This attribute specifies the number of seconds an account may remain unused before it becomes locked. If this attribute is not set or is 0, no check is performed. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.26 NAME 'pwdMaxIdle' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.2.21. pwdMaxRecordedFailure This attribute specifies the number of failures kept on record for each user and should be equal to or higher than pwdMaxFailure. If not set or is 0, it is deemed equal to pwdMaxFailure. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.32 NAME 'pwdMaxRecordedFailure' EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE ) 5.3. Attribute Types for Password Policy State Information Password policy state information must be maintained for each user. The information is located in each user entry as a set of operational attributes. These operational attributes are: pwdChangedTime, pwdAccountLockedTime, pwdFailureTime, pwdHistory, pwdGraceUseTime, pwdReset, pwdPolicySubEntry, pwdStartTime, pwdEndTime, pwdLastSuccess. 5.3.1. Password Policy State Attribute Option Since the password policy could apply to several attributes used to store passwords, each of the above operational attributes must have an option to specify which pwdAttribute it applies to. The password policy option is defined as the following: pwd-<passwordAttribute> where passwordAttribute is a string following the OID syntax (1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.38). The attribute type descriptor (short name) MUST be used. For example, if the pwdPolicy object has for pwdAttribute "userPassword" then the pwdChangedTime operational attribute, in a user entry, will be: pwdChangedTime;pwd-userPassword: 20000103121520Z Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 This attribute option follows sub-typing semantics. If a client requests a password policy state attribute to be returned in a search operation, and does not specify an option, all subtypes of that policy state attribute are returned. 5.3.2. pwdChangedTime This attribute specifies the last time the entry's password was changed. This is used by the password expiration policy. If this attribute does not exist, the password will never expire. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.16 NAME 'pwdChangedTime' DESC 'The time the password was last changed' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.3. pwdAccountLockedTime This attribute holds the time that the user's account was locked. A locked account means that the password may no longer be used to authenticate. A 000001010000Z value means that the account has been locked permanently, and that only a password administrator can unlock the account. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.17 NAME 'pwdAccountLockedTime' DESC 'The time an user account was locked' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.4. pwdFailureTime This attribute holds the timestamps of the consecutive authentication failures. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.19 NAME 'pwdFailureTime' DESC 'The timestamps of the last consecutive authentication failures' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.5. pwdHistory This attribute holds a history of previously used passwords. Values of this attribute are transmitted in string format as given by the following ABNF: pwdHistory = time "#" syntaxOID "#" length "#" data time = GeneralizedTime syntaxOID = numericoid ; the string representation of the ; dotted-decimal OID that defines the ; syntax used to store the password. length = number ; the number of octets in data. data = <octets representing the password in the format specified by syntaxOID>. GeneralizedTime is specified in 3.3.13 of [RFC4517]. numericoid and number are specified in 1.4 of [RFC4512]. This format allows the server to store, and transmit a history of passwords that have been used. In order for equality matching to function properly, the time field needs to adhere to a consistent format. For this purpose, the time field MUST be in GMT format. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.20 NAME 'pwdHistory' DESC 'The history of user s passwords' EQUALITY octetStringMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40 NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 5.3.6. pwdGraceUseTime This attribute holds the timestamps of grace authentications after a password has expired. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.21 NAME 'pwdGraceUseTime' DESC 'The timestamps of the grace authentication after the password has expired' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.7. pwdReset This attribute holds a flag to indicate (when TRUE) that the password has been updated by the password administrator and must be changed by the user. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.22 NAME 'pwdReset' DESC 'The indication that the password has been reset' EQUALITY booleanMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 SINGLE-VALUE USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.8. pwdPolicySubentry This attribute points to the pwdPolicy subentry in effect for this object. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.23 NAME 'pwdPolicySubentry' DESC 'The pwdPolicy subentry in effect for this object' EQUALITY distinguishedNameMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.12 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.9. pwdStartTime This attribute specifies the time the entry's password becomes valid for authentication. Authentication attempts made before this time will fail. If this attribute does not exist, then no restriction applies. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.27 NAME 'pwdStartTime' DESC 'The time the password becomes enabled' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) 5.3.10. pwdEndTime This attribute specifies the time the entry's password becomes invalid for authentication. Authentication attempts made after this time will fail, regardless of expiration or grace settings. If this attribute does not exist, then this restriction does not apply. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.28 NAME 'pwdEndTime' DESC 'The time the password becomes disabled' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) Note that pwdStartTime may be set to a time greater than or equal to pwdEndTime; this simply disables the account. 5.3.11. pwdLastSuccess This attribute holds the timestamp of the last successful authentication. ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.29 NAME 'pwdLastSuccess' DESC 'The timestamp of the last successful authentication' EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 SINGLE-VALUE NO-USER-MODIFICATION USAGE directoryOperation ) Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 6. Controls used for Password Policy This section details the controls used while enforcing password policy. A request control is defined that is sent by a client with a request operation in order to elicit a response control. The response control contains various warnings and errors associated with password policy. {TODO: add a note about advertisement and discovery} 6.1. Request Control This control MAY be sent with any LDAP request message in order to convey to the server that this client is aware of, and can process the response control described in this document. When a server receives this control, it will return the response control when appropriate and with the proper data. The controlType is 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.5.1 and the criticality may be TRUE or FALSE. There is no controlValue. 6.2. Response Control If the client has sent a passwordPolicyRequest control, the server (when solicited by the inclusion of the request control) sends this control with the following operation responses: bindResponse, modifyResponse, addResponse, compareResponse and possibly extendedResponse, to inform of various conditions, and MAY be sent with other operations (in the case of the changeAfterReset error). The controlType is 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.5.1 and the controlValue is the BER encoding of the following type: PasswordPolicyResponseValue ::= SEQUENCE { warning [0] CHOICE { timeBeforeExpiration [0] INTEGER (0 .. maxInt), graceAuthNsRemaining [1] INTEGER (0 .. maxInt) } OPTIONAL, error [1] ENUMERATED { passwordExpired (0), accountLocked (1), changeAfterReset (2), passwordModNotAllowed (3), mustSupplyOldPassword (4), insufficientPasswordQuality (5), passwordTooShort (6), passwordTooYoung (7), passwordInHistory (8), passwordTooLong (9) } OPTIONAL } Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 The timeBeforeExpiration warning specifies the number of seconds before a password will expire. The graceAuthNsRemaining warning specifies the remaining number of times a user will be allowed to authenticate with an expired password. The passwordExpired error signifies that the password has expired and must be reset. The changeAfterReset error signifies that the password must be changed before the user will be allowed to perform any operation other than bind and modify. The passwordModNotAllowed error is set when a user is restricted from changing her password. The insufficientPasswordQuality error is set when a password doesn't pass quality checking. The passwordTooYoung error is set if the age of the password to be modified is not yet old enough. Typically, only either a warning or an error will be encoded though there may be exceptions. For example, if the user is required to change a password after the password administrator set it, and the password will expire in a short amount of time, the control may include the timeBeforeExpiration warning and the changeAfterReset error. 7. Policy Decision Points Following are a number of procedures used to make policy decisions. These procedures are typically performed by the server while processing an operation. The following sections contain detailed instructions that refer to attributes of the pwdPolicy object class. When doing so, the attribute of the pwdPolicy object that governs the entry being discussed is implied. 7.1. Locked Account Check A status of true is returned to indicate that the account is locked if any of these conditions are met: * The value of the pwdAccountLockedTime attribute is 000001010000Z. * The current time is less than the value of the pwdStartTime attribute. * The current time is greater than or equal to the value of the pwdEndTime attribute. * The current time is greater than or equal to the value of the pwdLastSuccess attribute added to the value of the pwdMaxIdle attribute. If pwdLastSuccess attribute is not present, pwdChangedTime value is used instead. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 * The current time is less than the value of the pwdAccountLockedTime attribute added to the value of the pwdLockoutDuration. Otherwise a status of false is returned. 7.2. Password Must be Changed Now Check A status of true is returned to indicate that the password must be changed if all of these conditions are met: * The pwdMustChange attribute is set to TRUE. * The pwdReset attribute is set to TRUE. Otherwise a status of false is returned. 7.3. Password Expiration Check A status of true is returned indicating that the password has expired if the current time minus the value of pwdChangedTime is greater than the value of the pwdMaxAge. Otherwise, a status of false is returned. 7.4. Remaining Grace AuthN Check If the pwdGraceExpiry attribute is present, and the current time is greater than the password expiration time plus the pwdGraceExpiry value, zero is returned. If the pwdGraceUseTime attribute is present, the number of values in that attribute subtracted from the value of pwdGraceAuthNLimit is returned. Otherwise zero is returned. A positive result specifies the number of remaining grace authentications. 7.5. Time Before Expiration Check If the pwdExpireWarning attribute is not present a zero status is returned. Otherwise the following steps are followed: Subtract the time stored in pwdChangedTime from the current time to arrive at the password's age. If the password's age is greater than than the value of the pwdMaxAge attribute, a zero status is returned. Subtract the value of the pwdExpireWarning attribute from the value of the pwdMaxAge attribute to arrive at the warning age. If the password's age is equal to or greater than the warning age, the value of pwdMaxAge minus the password's age is returned. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 7.6. Intruder Lockout Check A status of true indicating that an intruder has been detected is returned if the following conditions are met: * The pwdLockout attribute is TRUE. * The number of values in the pwdFailureTime attribute that are younger than pwdFailureCountInterval is greater or equal to the pwdMaxFailure attribute. Otherwise a status of false is returned. While performing this check, values of pwdFailureTime that are old by more than pwdFailureCountInterval are purged and not counted. 7.7. Intruder Delay Check If the pwdMinDelay attribute is 0 or not set, zero is returned. Otherwise, a delay time is computed based on the number of values in the pwdFailureTime attribute. If the computed value is greater than the pwdMaxDelay attribute, the pwdMaxDelay value is returned. While performing this check, values of pwdFailureTime that are old by more than pwdFailureCountInterval are purged and not counted. 7.8. Password Too Young Check If the Section 7.2 check returned true then this check will return false, to allow the password to be changed. A status of true indicating that not enough time has passed since the password was last updated is returned if: * The value of pwdMinAge is non-zero and pwdChangedTime is present. * The value of pwdMinAge is greater than the current time minus the value of pwdChangedTime. Otherwise a false status is returned. 8. Server Policy Enforcement Points The server SHOULD enforce that the password attribute subject to a password policy as defined in this document, contains one and only one password value. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Note: The case where a single password value is stored in multiple formats simultaneously is still considered to be only one password value. The scenarios in the following operations assume that the client has attached a passwordPolicyRequest control to the request message of the operation. In the event that the passwordPolicyRequest control was not sent, no passwordPolicyResponse control is returned. All other instructions remain the same. For successfully completed operations, unless otherwise stated, no passwordPolicyResponse control is returned. 8.1. Password-based Authentication This section contains the policy enforcement rules and policy data updates used while validating a password. Operations that validate passwords include, but are not limited to, the Bind operation where the simple choice specifies a password, and the Compare operation where the attribute being compared holds a password. Note that while the Compare operation does not authenticate a user to the LDAP server, it may be used by an external application for purposes of authentication. 8.1.1. Fail if the account is locked If the account is locked as specified in Section 7.1, the server fails the operation with an appropriate resultCode (i.e. invalidCredentials (49) in the case of a bind operation, compareFalse (5) in the case of a compare operation, etc.). The server MAY set the error: accountLocked (1) in the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the message. 8.1.2. Validated Password Procedures If the validation operation indicates that the password validated, these procedures are followed in order: 8.1.2.1. Policy state updates Delete the pwdFailureTime and pwdAccountLockedTime attributes. Set the value of the pwdLastSuccess attribute to the current time. Note: setting pwdLastSuccess is optional, but it is required if the policy has pwdMaxIdle defined. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 8.1.2.2. Password must be changed now If the decision in Section 7.2 returns true, the server sends to the client a response with an appropriate successful resultCode (i.e. success (0), compareTrue (6), etc.), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the bindResponse message with the warning: changeAfterReset specified. For bind, the server MUST then disallow all operations issued by this user except modify password, bind, unbind, abandon and StartTLS extended operation. 8.1.2.3. Expired password If the password has expired as per Section 7.3, the server either returns a success or failure based on the state of grace authentications. 8.1.2.3.1. Remaining Grace Authentications If there are remaining grace authentications as per Section 7.4, the server adds a new value with the current time in pwdGraceUseTime. Then it sends to the client a response with an appropriate successful resultCode (i.e. success (0), compareTrue (6), etc.), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the warning: graceAuthNsRemaining choice set to the number of grace authentications left. Implementor's note: The system time of the host machine may be more granular than is needed to ensure unique values of this attribute. It is recommended that a mechanism is used to ensure unique generalized time values. The fractional seconds field may be used for this purpose. 8.1.2.3.2. No Remaining Grace Authentications If there are no remaining grace authentications, the server fails the operation with an appropriate resultCode (invalidCredentials (49), compareFalse (5), etc.), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the bindResponse message with the error: passwordExpired (0) set. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 8.1.2.4. Expiration Warning If the result of Section 7.5 is a positive number, the server sends to the client a response with an appropriate successful resultCode (i.e. success (0), compareTrue (6), etc.), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the bindResponse message with the warning: timeBeforeExiration set to the value as described above. Otherwise, the server sends a successful response, and omits the passwordPolicyResponse. 8.1.3. AuthN Failed Procedures If the authentication process indicates that the password failed validation due to invalid credentials, these procedures are followed: 8.1.3.1. Policy state update Add the current time as a value of the pwdFailureTime attribute. Implementor's note: The system time of the host machine may be more granular than is needed to ensure unique values of this attribute. It is recommended that a mechanism is used to ensure unique generalized time values. The fractional seconds field may be used for this purpose. 8.1.3.2. Handle Intruder Detection If the check in Section 7.6 returns a true state, the server locks the account by setting the value of the pwdAccountLockedTime attribute to the current time. After locking the account, the server fails the operation with an appropriate resultCode (invalidCredentials (49), compareFalse (5), etc.), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the message with the error: accountLocked (1). If the check in Section 7.7 returns a non-zero value, the server waits that number of seconds before sending the authentication response back to the client. 8.2. Password Update Operations Because the password is stored in an attribute, various operations (like add and modify) may be used to create or update a password. But some alternate mechanisms have been defined or may be defined, such as the LDAP Password Modify Extended Operation [RFC3062]. While processing a password update, the server performs the following steps: Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 8.2.1. Safe Modification If pwdSafeModify is set to TRUE and if there is an existing password value, the server ensures that the password update operation includes the user's existing password. When the LDAP modify operation is used to modify a password, this is done by specifying both a delete action and an add or replace action, where the delete action specifies the existing password, and the add or replace action specifies the new password. Other password update operations SHOULD employ a similar mechanism. Otherwise this policy will fail. If the existing password is not specified, the server does not process the operation and sends the appropriate response message to the client with the resultCode: insufficientAccessRights (50), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: mustSupplyOldPassword (4). 8.2.2. Change After Reset If the decision in Section 7.2 returns true, the server ensures that the password update operation contains no modifications other than the modification of the password attribute. If other modifications exist, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: insufficientAccessRights (50), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: changeAfterReset (2). 8.2.3. Rights Check Check to see whether the bound identity has sufficient rights to update the password. If the bound identity is a user changing its own password, this MAY be done by checking the pwdAllowUserChange attribute or using an access control mechanism. The determination of this is implementation specific. If the user is not allowed to update her password, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: insufficientAccessRights (50), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordModNotAllowed (3). 8.2.4. Too Early to Update If the check in Section 7.8 results in a true status The server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordTooYoung (7). Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 8.2.5. Password Quality Check the value of the pwdCheckQuality attribute. If the value is non-zero, the server: * Ensure that the password meets the quality criteria enforced by the server. This enforcement is implementation specific. If the server is unable to check the quality (due to a hashed password or otherwise), the value of pwdCheckQuality is evaluated. If the value is 1, operation continues. If the value is 2, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: insufficientPasswordQuality (5). If the server is able to check the password quality, and the check fails, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: insufficientPasswordQuality (5). * checks the value of the pwdMinLength attribute. If the value is non-zero, it ensures that the new password is of at least the minimum length. If the server is unable to check the length (due to a hashed password or otherwise), the value of pwdCheckQuality is evaluated. If the value is 1, operation continues. If the value is 2, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordTooShort (6). If the server is able to check the password length, and the check fails, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordTooShort (6). * checks the value of the pwdMaxLength attribute. If the value is non-zero, it ensures that the new password is of at most the maximum length. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 If the server is unable to check the length (due to a hashed password or otherwise), the value of pwdCheckQuality is evaluated. If the value is 1, operation continues. If the value is 2, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordTooLong (9). If the server is able to check the password length, and the check fails, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordTooLong (9). 8.2.6. Invalid Reuse If pwdInHistory is present and its value is non-zero, the server checks whether this password exists in the entry's pwdHistory attribute or in the current password attribute. If the password does exist in the pwdHistory attribute or in the current password attribute, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: constraintViolation (19), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: passwordInHistory (8). 8.2.7. Policy State Updates If the steps have completed without causing an error condition, the server performs the following steps in order to update the necessary password policy state attributes: If the value of either pwdMaxAge or pwdMinAge is non-zero and the change does not include a pwdChangedTime update already, the server updates the pwdChangedTime attribute on the entry to the current time. If the value of pwdInHistory is non-zero, the server adds the previous password (if one existed) to the pwdHistory attribute. If the number of attributes held in the pwdHistory attribute exceeds the value of pwdInHistory, the server removes the oldest excess passwords. If the value the pwdMustChange is TRUE and the modification is performed by a password administrator, then the pwdReset attribute is set to TRUE. Otherwise, the pwdReset is removed from the user's entry if it exists. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 The pwdFailureTime, pwdGraceUseTime, pwdLastSuccess attributes are removed from the user's entry if they exist. 8.3. Other Operations For operations other than bind, password update, unbind, abandon or StartTLS, if the decision in Section 7.2 returns true, the server sends a response message to the client with the resultCode: insufficientAccessRights (50), and includes the passwordPolicyResponse in the controls field of the response message with the error: changeAfterReset (2). 9. Client Policy Enforcement Points These sections illustrate possible scenarios for each LDAP operation and define the types of responses that identify those scenarios. The scenarios in the following operations assume that the client attached a passwordPolicyRequest control to the request message of the operation, and thus may receive a passwordPolicyResponse control in the response message. In the event that the passwordPolicyRequest control was not sent, no passwordPolicyResponse control is returned. All other instructions remain the same. 9.1. Bind Operation For every bind response received, the client checks the resultCode of the bindResponse and checks for a passwordPolicyResponse control to determine if any of the following conditions are true and MAY prompt the user accordingly. * bindResponse.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = accountLocked (1): The password failure limit has been reached and the account is locked. The user needs to retry later or contact the password administrator to reset the password. * bindResponse.resultCode = success (0), passwordPolicyResponse.error = changeAfterReset (2): The user is binding for the first time after the password administrator set the password. In this scenario, the client SHOULD prompt the user to change his password immediately. * bindResponse.resultCode = success (0), passwordPolicyResponse.warning = graceAuthNsRemaining: The password has expired but there are remaining grace authentications. The user needs to change it. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 * bindResponse.resultCode = invalidCredentials (49), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordExpired (0): The password has expired and there are no more grace authentications. The user contacts the password administrator in order to have its password reset. * bindResponse.resultCode = success (0), passwordPolicyResponse.warning = timeBeforeExpiration: The user's password will expire in n number of seconds. 9.2. Modify Operations 9.2.1. Modify Request If the application or client encrypts the password prior to sending it in a password modification operation (whether done through modifyRequest or another password modification mechanism), it SHOULD check the values of the pwdMinLength, and pwdCheckQuality attributes and SHOULD enforce these policies. 9.2.2. Modify Response If the modifyRequest operation was used to change the password, or if another mechanism is used --such as an extendedRequest-- the modifyResponse or other appropriate response MAY contain information pertinent to password policy. The client checks the resultCode of the response and checks for a passwordPolicyResponse control to determine if any of the following conditions are true and optionally notify the user of the condition. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = mustSupplyOldPassword (4): The user attempted to change her password without specifying the old password but the password policy requires this. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = changeAfterReset (2): The user must change her password before submitting any other LDAP requests. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordModNotAllowed (3): The user doesn't have sufficient rights to change his password. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordTooYoung (7): It is too soon after the last password modification to change the password. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 32] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 * pwdModResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = insufficientPasswordQuality (5): The password failed quality checking. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordTooShort (6): The length of the password is too short. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordInHistory (8): The password has already been used; the user must choose a different one. * pwdModResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordTooLong (9): The length of the password is too long. 9.3. Add Operation If a password is specified in an addRequest, the client checks the resultCode of the addResponse and checks for a passwordPolicyResponse control to determine if any of the following conditions are true and may prompt the user accordingly. * addResponse.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordModNotAllowed (3): The user doesn't have sufficient rights to add this password. * addResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = insufficientPasswordQuality (5): The password failed quality checking. * addResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordTooShort (6): The length of the password is too short. * addResponse.resultCode = constraintViolation (19), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordTooLong (9): The length of the password is too long. 9.4. Compare Operation When a compare operation is used to compare a password, the client checks the resultCode of the compareResponse and checks for a passwordPolicyResponse to determine if any of the following conditions are true and MAY prompt the user accordingly. These conditions assume that the result of the comparison was true. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 33] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 * compareResponse.resultCode = compareFalse (5), passwordPolicyResponse.error = accountLocked (1): The password failure limit has been reached and the account is locked. The user needs to retry later or contact the password administrator to reset the password. * compareResponse.resultCode = compareTrue (6), passwordPolicyResponse.warning = graceAuthNsRemaining: The password has expired but there are remaining grace authentications. The user needs to change it. * compareResponse.resultCode = compareFalse (5), passwordPolicyResponse.error = passwordExpired (0): The password has expired and there are no more grace authentications. The user must contact the password administrator to reset the password. * compareResponse.resultCode = compareTrue (6), passwordPolicyResponse.warning = timeBeforeExpiration: The user's password will expire in n number of seconds. 9.5. Other Operations For operations other than bind, unbind, abandon or StartTLS, the client checks the result code and control to determine if the user needs to change the password immediately. * <Response>.resultCode = insufficientAccessRights (50), passwordPolicyResponse.error = changeAfterReset (2) : The user needs to change the password immediately. 10. Administration of the Password Policy {TODO: Need to define an administrativeRole (need OID). Need to describe whether pwdPolicy admin areas can overlap} A password policy is defined for a particular subtree of the DIT by adding to an LDAP subentry whose immediate superior is the root of the subtree, the pwdPolicy auxiliary object class. The scope of the password policy is defined by the SubtreeSpecification attribute of the LDAP subentry as specified in [RFC3672]. It is possible to define password policies for different password attributes within the same pwdPolicy entry, by specifying multiple values of the pwdAttribute. But password policies could also be in separate sub entries as long as they are contained under the same LDAP subentry. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 34] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Only one policy may be in effect for a given password attribute in any entry. If multiple policies exist which overlap in the range of entries affected, the resulting behavior is undefined. Modifying the password policy MUST NOT result in any change in users' entries to which the policy applies. It SHOULD be possible to overwrite the password policy for one user by defining a new policy in a subentry of the user entry. Each object that is controlled by password policy advertises the subentry that is being used to control its policy in its pwdPolicySubentry attribute. Clients wishing to examine or manage password policy for an object may interrogate the pwdPolicySubentry for that object in order to arrive at the proper pwdPolicy subentry. 11. Password Policy and Replication {TODO: This section needs to be changed to highlight the pitfalls of replication, suggest some implementation choices to overcome those pitfalls, but remove prescriptive language relating to the update of state information} The pwdPolicy object defines the password policy for a portion of the DIT and MUST be replicated on all the replicas of this subtree, as any subentry would be, in order to have a consistent policy among all replicated servers. The elements of the password policy that are related to the users are stored in the entry themselves as operational attributes. As these attributes are subject to modifications even on a read-only replica, replicating them must be carefully considered. The pwdChangedTime attribute MUST be replicated on all replicas, to allow expiration of the password. The pwdReset attribute MUST be replicated on all replicas, to deny access to operations other than bind and modify password. The pwdHistory attribute MUST be replicated to writable replicas. It doesn't have to be replicated to a read-only replica, since the password will never be directly modified on this server. The pwdAccountLockedTime, pwdFailureTime, pwdGraceUseTime and pwdLastSuccess attributes SHOULD be replicated to writable replicas, making the password policy global for all servers. When the user entry is replicated to a read-only replica, these attributes SHOULD NOT be replicated. This means that the number of failures, of grace Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 35] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 authentications and the locking will take place on each replicated server. For example, the effective number of failed attempts on a user password will be N x M (where N is the number of servers and M the value of pwdMaxFailure attribute). Replicating these attributes to a read-only replica MAY reduce the number of tries globally but MAY also introduce some inconstancies in the way the password policy is applied. Note: there are some situations where global replication of these state attributes may not be desired. For example, if two clusters of replicas are geographically remote and joined by a slow network link, and their users only login from one of the two locations, it may be unnecessary to propagate all of the state changes from one cluster to the other. Servers SHOULD allow administrators to control which attributes are replicated on a case-by-case basis. Servers participating in a loosely consistent multi-master replication agreement SHOULD employ a mechanism which ensures uniqueness of values when populating the attributes pwdFailureTime and pwdGraceUseTime. The method of achieving this is a local matter and may consist of using a single authoritative source for the generation of unique time values, or may consist of the use of the fractional seconds part to hold a replica identifier. 12. Security Considerations This document defines a set of rules to implement in an LDAP server, in order to mitigate some of the security risks associated with the use of passwords and to make it difficult for password cracking programs to break into directories. Authentication with a password MUST follow the recommendations made in [RFC4513]. Modifications of passwords SHOULD only occur when the connection is protected with confidentiality and secure authentication. Access controls SHOULD be used to restrict access to the password policy attributes. The attributes defined to maintain the password policy state information SHOULD only be modifiable by the password administrator or higher authority. The pwdHistory attribute MUST be subject to the same level of access control as the attrbute holding the password. As it is possible to define a password policy for one specific user by adding a subentry immediately under the user's entry, Access Controls SHOULD be used to restrict the use of the pwdPolicy object class or the LDAP subentry object class. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 36] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 When the intruder detection password policy is enforced, the LDAP directory is subject to a denial of service attack. A malicious user could deliberately lock out one specific user's account (or all of them) by sending bind requests with wrong passwords. There is no way to protect against this kind of attack. The LDAP directory server SHOULD log as much information as it can (such as client IP address) whenever an account is locked, in order to be able to identify the origin of the attack. Denying anonymous access to the LDAP directory is also a way to restrict this kind of attack. Using the login delay instead of the lockout mechanism will also help avoid this denial of service. Returning certain status codes (such as passwordPolicyResponse.error = accountLocked) allows a denial of service attacker to know that it has successfully denied service to an account. Servers SHOULD implement additional checks which return the same status when it is sensed that some number of failed authentication requests has occured on a single connection, or from a client address. Server implementors are encouraged to invent other checks similar to this in order to thwart this type of DoS attack. 13. IANA Considerations In accordance with [RFC4520] the following registrations are requested. 13.1. Object Identifiers The OIDs used in this specification are derived from iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) private(4) enterprise(1) Sun(42) products(2) LDAP(27) ppolicy(8). These OIDs have been in use since at least July 2001 when version 04 of this draft was published. No additional OID assignment is being requested. 13.2. LDAP Protocol Mechanisms Registration of the protocol mechanisms specified in this document is requested. Subject: Request for LDAP Protocol Mechanism Registration Object Identifier: 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.5.1 Description: Password Policy Request and Response Control Person & email address to contact for further information: Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 37] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Howard Chu <hyc@symas.com> Usage: Control Specification: (I-D) draft-behera-ldap-password-policy Author/Change Controller: IESG Comments: 13.3. LDAP Descriptors Registration of the descriptors specified in this document is requested. Subject: Request for LDAP Descriptor Registration Descriptor (short name): see table Object Identifier: see table Description: see table Person & email address to contact for further information: Howard Chu <hyc@symas.com> Specification: (I-D) draft-behera-ldap-password-policy Author/Change Controller: IESG Comments: Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 38] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Name Type OID ----------------------- ---- ------------------------------ pwdPolicy O 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.2.1 pwdAttribute A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.1 pwdMinAge A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.2 pwdMaxAge A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.3 pwdInHistory A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.4 pwdCheckQuality A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.5 pwdMinLength A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.6 pwdMaxLength A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.31 pwdExpireWarning A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.7 pwdGraceAuthNLimit A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.8 pwdGraceExpiry A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.30 pwdLockout A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.9 pwdLockoutDuration A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.10 pwdMaxFailure A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.11 pwdFailureCountInterval A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.12 pwdMustChange A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.13 pwdAllowUserChange A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.14 pwdSafeModify A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.15 pwdMinDelay A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.24 pwdMaxDelay A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.25 pwdMaxIdle A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.26 pwdChangedTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.16 pwdAccountLockedTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.17 pwdFailureTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.19 pwdHistory A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.20 pwdGraceUseTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.21 pwdReset A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.22 pwdPolicySubEntry A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.23 pwdStartTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.27 pwdEndTime A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.28 pwdLastSuccess A 1.3.6.1.4.1.42.2.27.8.1.29 Legend -------------------- A => Attribute Type O => Object Class 13.4. LDAP AttributeDescription Options Registration of the AttributeDescription option specified in this document is requested. Subject: Request for LDAP Attribute Description Option Registration Option Name: pwd- Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 39] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Family of Options: YES Person & email address to contact for further information: Howard Chu <hyc@symas.com> Specification: (I-D) draft-behera-ldap-password-policy Author/Change Controller: IESG Comments: Used with policy state attributes to specify to which password attribute the state belongs. 14. Acknowledgement This document is based in part on prior work done by Valerie Chu from Netscape Communications Corp, published as draft-vchu-ldap-pwd- policy-00.txt (December 1998). Prasanta Behera participated in early revisions of this document. 15. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC3062] Zeilenga, K., "LDAP Password Modify Extended Operation", RFC 3062, DOI 10.17487/RFC3062, February 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3062>. [RFC3672] Zeilenga, K., "Subentries in the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)", RFC 3672, DOI 10.17487/RFC3672, December 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3672>. [RFC4422] Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, DOI 10.17487/RFC4422, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4422>. [RFC4511] Sermersheim, J., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol", RFC 4511, DOI 10.17487/RFC4511, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4511>. Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 40] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 [RFC4512] Zeilenga, K., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Directory Information Models", RFC 4512, DOI 10.17487/RFC4512, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4512>. [RFC4513] Harrison, R., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Authentication Methods and Security Mechanisms", RFC 4513, DOI 10.17487/RFC4513, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4513>. [RFC4517] Legg, S., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Syntaxes and Matching Rules", RFC 4517, DOI 10.17487/RFC4517, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4517>. [RFC4520] Zeilenga, K., "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Considerations for the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)", BCP 64, RFC 4520, DOI 10.17487/RFC4520, June 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4520>. [RFC4616] Zeilenga, K., Ed., "The PLAIN Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism", RFC 4616, DOI 10.17487/RFC4616, August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4616>. [RFC7677] Hansen, T., "SCRAM-SHA-256 and SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanisms", RFC 7677, DOI 10.17487/RFC7677, November 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7677>. [X.680] International Telecommunications Union, "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T Recommendation X.680, July 2002. [X.690] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, July 2002. Authors' Addresses Jim Sermersheim Novell, Inc 1800 South Novell Place Provo, Utah 84606 United States of America Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 41] Internet-Draft Password Policy for LDAP Directories February 2022 Phone: +1 801 861-3088 Email: jimse@novell.com Ludovic Poitou Sun Microsystems 180, Avenue de l'Europe 38334 Zirst de Montbonnot France Phone: +33 476 188 212 Email: ludovic.poitou@sun.com Howard Chu (editor) Symas Corp. 18740 Oxnard Street, Suite 313A Tarzana, California 91356 United States of America Phone: +1 818 757-7087 Email: hyc@symas.com Ondřej Kuzník (editor) Symas Corp. Email: okuznik@symas.com Sermersheim, et al. Expires 19 August 2022 [Page 42]